tugas bahasa inggris

TOEFL GRAMMAR STUCTURE

A.    Basic Sentences Stucture

In general, there was no significant difference between the structure of English sentences with Indonesian, where a sentence is built upon four main components, namely.

Subject (S) + Verb (V) + Complement (C) + Modifier (M)

Example :

We studied grammar last week

We + studied + grammar + last week

S + V + C + M

1.      SUBJECT

·         is the agent of sentence in the active voice

·         is thing/person that performs or responsible for the action of a sentence 

·         normally precedes the verb

example :

·         I explain how to study English

·         She listens to my explanation

·         They didn’t understand that language

The subject can be seen from the question who or what is doing the action of a sentence.

2.      VERB

Verb is the action of a sentence. Verb phrase: auxilaries combination with the main verb.

Example :

·         I am learning English (am = auxilary, learning = main verb)

·         My brother is very clever

·         She has gone home (has = auxilary, gone = main verb)

·         I have been waiting here (have been = auxilary, waiting = main verb)

3.      COMPLEMENT

·         Usually a noun or noun phrase

·         usually found after the verb in the active sentence

·         complement to answer the question what or whom

example :

·         Sarijon bought a cake yesterday

Ø  What did Sarijon buy yesterday?  –> a cake.

·         He saw Tony at the movie

Ø  Whom did he see at the movie? –> Tony

      4.      MODIFIER

·         Modifier describes the time, place, or manner of an action or actions

·         The most common form of the modifier is a propositional phrase (group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun.

 Preposition = on, out, under, behind, etc ...

·         Modifier answer the questions when, where, or how

Example :

·         John bought a book at a book fair

Ø  Where did John buy a book? –> at a book fair

B.     Parallel Structure

Parallelism means that the words used in a series or group that should have the same form as grammar. When we use words or phrases that are connected by a chain, then it must be the same shape as grammar. Consider the following example:

·         Terry likes swimming and to dive. (False - not parallel)

·         Terry likes swimming and diving. (True - parallel)

·         Terry likes to swim and (to) dive. (True - parallel)

·         I'm taking history, math, and chemical. (False - Chemical not a noun)

·         I'm taking history, math, and chemistry

C.    Comparative Adjectives

When talking about the two objects, we can compare and see the differences as well similarities between the two objects. Maybe it has the same thing on one side and the difference on the other side. To compare the difference between the two objects we use comparative adjectives. Comparison is only using comparative adjectives to compare between two objects only.

1.      There are two ways to create a comparative adjectives:

1.      Adding the suffix-er ( short adjectives )

2.      Adding more prefix (long adjectives)

Addition of a suffix rule for short adjectives:

·         Generally only added adjective-er, for example: older, smaller, richer, etc.

·         If the ending-e, just add r, for example: later, nicer, etc.

·         If the ending in a consonant-vowel-consonant, the final consonant plus, then plus-er, for example: bigger, hotter, etc.

·         If the ending-y, then y changed to i then added er, for example: happier, Earlier, busier, heavier, etc.

For long adjectives, the rule only adds more words only on adjectives, for example: expensive to be more expensive, more beautiful to be beautiful, and so on. Some adjectives have irregular shapes, such as good - better, well (healthy) - better, bad - worse, far - farther / further, etc.

Adjectives with two syllables can use-er or more: quiet - quieter / more quiet, clever - cleverer / more clever, narrow - narrower / more narrow, simple - Simpler / more simple. Comparative adjectives are not only used to compare two different objects, but can also be used to compare the same object that points to itself, and the object is not to say, as one example sentence above: I want to have a more powerful computer.

Adjectives with two syllables

If the adjective has two or more syllables, we add more before the adjective. example:

·         This book is more expensive than that book.

·         This picture is more beautiful.

However, there are many exceptions to the rule of one / two syllables it.
Some words with 2 syllables have properties similar to words that have 1 syllable. example:

·         This is Easier – True

·         This is more easy - not really

·         This is Simpler – True

·         This is more simple - not true

And some adjectives can use both comparative form. example:

·         Clever - cleverer - more clever: These are all correct

·         Quiet - quieter - more quiet: These are all correct.

No exceptions can be learned through the rules, the best way to learn is to learn it one by one.

D.    Conditional Clauses

Conditional (sentence presupposition) explains that an activity contrary to other activities. The most common conditional is Real and Unreal Conditonal Conditonal, sometimes called if-clauses. Real Conditional (often also referred to as Conditional Type I) which describes mengandai-if in accordance with the facts.

Unreal Conditional (often also referred to as Conditional Type II) which describes the supposition that no real or imagined. There is also a 3rd Conditional often called the Conditional Type III, is used as a regret that happened in the past and zero conditionals, used to express something that is definitely true.
Note: If the clause "if" is placed at the beginning of a sentence, we must use the "coma". Conversely, if the clause "if" is behind, then there should be no comma
Conditional or modality has 3 forms:

1. Future Conditional (Conditional Type 1)  This assumption states that something might happen in the future or now, if the terms / certain conditions are met.

Type 1 Conditional formula:

+ Subject + If + subject + present simple modals (will, can, may, must) V1 (simple form)
example: If have money I will buy a new car

Simple If + Subject + ... + subject + present simple-present

example: If he has enough time, John usually walks to school.

If + Subject + ... + command simple present form

example: If you go to the post office, please mail this letter for me!

2. Unreal Present (Conditional Type 2) This assumption states something contrary to what exists or happens now.

+ If + subject + subject + simple past modals (would, could, might) V1 (Simple Form)
example: If I had time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend
(I do not have time so I could not go)

He would tell you about it if he were here

(He would say if he were here, that because she's not here, he did not say Because he is not here he does not tell you about it.)

* For the if-clause in this form only to be "were" is used for all subjects.
if the conditional type 2 can be removed is by using pattern inversion:

Were + subject + Adj / Noun + capital + subject (would, could, might) + V1
example: Were I John I would not forgive you.

(if only I was the john I will not forgive you, in fact I not john so I forgive you / I'm not John so I forgive you).

He could hug me, if he were here. (She may hug me, if he's here). The fact is: he can not hug me, Because, he is not here.

        3. Unreal Past (Conditional Type 3) This assumption states something contrary to what has                   happened (past).

Type 3 Conditional formula:

+ If + Subject + Past Perfect ... subject modals (would, could, might) have + V3

            Example :

1.  If we had known that you were there, we would have written you a letter.

(if only we knew you were there, we had sent a letter to you;
which means that we do not send the letter because we do not know you're there / I did not know that you were there so I did not write you a letter.

2.  He would tell you about it if he were here.

3.  If he did not speak so quickly intervening, you could understand him.
            Form inversion (without the "IF") for this pattern:

Had + subject + V3 ... subject + modals (would, could, might) + have V3
            inverse sentence above when written into:
            Had we known that you were there, we would have written you a letter.
            without changing the meaning or significance.

E.        Noun Clauses

Noun clause is a clause (ie subject and verb) is used as a noun. Noun clause in the sentence is generally used as a subject and an object sentences.
Noun clause can be preceded by:

·         Question word or relative pronoun question either single word or phrase:
 Single question word (ie when, how, what, ect.).
o Question word + determiner / noun / adjective / adverb.
o Question word + infinitive.

·         CONJUNCTION (i.e. Whether and if).

·         That or the fact that.
So the pattern of the noun clause is:

            Question word/conjunction/that + subject + verb +  ..…

A.  Noun clauses beginning with Question words

In How to Address Questions already discussed about the use of question words either in making information questions and in making embedded questions. Embedded questions are noun clause. In this section are given additional examples to refresh your memory.

Refresh your memory.

1.      Single question words.

example:

1.      Where she is now is still unknown.

2.      When they arrive is still uncertain. 

         Noun clause can be placed at the beginning of the sentence (as subject) or as an object. If you            want to change the position of the subject noun clause object sentence into a sentence, it is usually                 necessary pronoun or a slight modification of the word. The above example becomes:

1.      It is still unknown where she is now.

2.      Do you know when they arrive?

NOTE :

a.       Clause question preceded by certain words (ie when, Whenever, where) can also function as an adverbial clause.

example:

1.      I was reading a book when the phone rang.

b.      Clause is preceded by the words specific question (ie who, Whom, Whose + noun) can also function as an adjective clause. In this case, the question is actually a relative pronoun. Well, do not be too confused by the term. Important that you understand the pattern / structure of the sentence. But, if you are curious, please read the adjective clauses topic.

example:

1.      I think you Whom Mr. Dodi was looking for. (I guess you (people) who pack Dodi were looking for earlier).

2.      Mr. Dodi, who is a teacher, was looking for you at school.

So, how to tell if the noun clause, adverbial clause, or adjective clause? The answer is simple. Noun clause can be replaced by the pronoun it, while the adverbial clause and adjective clause no. Noun clause answers the question what and who / Whom; adverbial clause answering questions when, where, how (including how much, how often, ect), and why. Adjective clause (ie in the form of an adjective clause) describes noun, and relative pronounnya (ie who, that, ect.) In Indonesian means "the".

            2. Question words + ever / soever

Except how, at the end of question words can be added ever or soever Whenever = whensoever, whatever = whatsoever, and so on. Meaning here ever or soever the same, ie only / no, stay combined with a question word in front of him. Meanwhile, how + ever be however (ie adverb or also called a transition word meaning yet / even if it is) is not included in this category.

Example :

1.      We will accept whatever you want us to do. (We will accept / do whatever you want us to do).

3. Question nouns + words

Question words + nouns are often used, among others: what time (time), what day   (what day), what time (time), what kind (what kind), what type (what type), Whose + nouns (ie Whose car, Whose book, ect.), and so on.

Example:

1.      I can not remember what day we will take the exam.

4. Question adjectives + words

+ Question words are frequently used adjectives such as: how long (how long / long),   how far (how     much), how old (how old / Age), ect.

Example :

1.      Man! She still looks young. Do you know how old she actually is?

2.      I am lost. Could you tell me how far it is from here to the post office?

5. Question words + determiners.

Determiners + Question words often used is: how many (how many) and how much (how many). Remember: how many followed by plural nouns, whereas how much followed by uncountable nouns.

Example :

1.       Is there any correlation between how good he or she is in English and how many books he or she has?

6. Question words + adverbs

+ Question words are frequently used adverbs are: how Often (how often), how many times (how many times) ect.

Example :

1.      Often no matter how I practice, my English still sucks. (No matter how many times I practice, my english is bad). Suck (informal verb) = bad / not good; suck another meaning: suck.

7. Question words + infinitives

If the question words immediately followed by infinitives, the invinitives implies shouldatau can / could. Note that the subject after question words omitted.

Example :

1.       She did not know what to do = She did not know what she should do. (He does not know what he should do).

2.      Please tell me how to get the train station from here = Please tell me how I can get the train station from here.

B. Noun clauses beginning with Whether / if

Whether can be followed by OR / NOT can not; meaning of the sentence is usually the same although the OR / NOT is not mentioned (it depends on the context of the sentence).

Example:

1.      Whether I am not sure she is coming or not = I am not sure Whether or not she is coming = I am not sure Whether she is coming. (I'm not sure whether he will come or not).

2.      We can not decide Whether we should go out or stay home. = We can not decide Whether to go or (to) stay home. Note, infinitives can also be used after Whether.

C. Noun clauses beginning with that / the fact that

Here, that means that, while the fact that means the fact that. Whereas, that in    adjective clauses mean that.

example:

1.       That she has had a PhD degree at the age of 20 surprises a lot of people = It surprises a lot of people that she has had a PhD degree at the age of 20.

2.      It is the fact that the world is round = the fact that the world is round is well known.

Pada halaman blog ini saya akan membahas tentang Struktur Grammar dari TOEFL.Sebenarnya banyak sekali struktur dari Grammar yang perlu kita pelajari, namun saya akan membahas hanya 5 struktur.

Mari perhatikan struktur – struktur berikut ini :

1.     Passive Voice

Kalimat pasif jelas berbeda dengan kalimat aktif. Kegunaannya pun berbeda dalam bahasa Inggris. Dalam kalimat aktif, subjek lah yang melakukan pekerjaan, sedangkan dalam kalimat pasif, objek lah yang melakukan pekerjaan.

Perubahan kalimat dari aktif menjadi kalimat pasif dapat dilihat sebagai berikut :

            Aktif   : Hendry often helps my mother.

            Pasif    : My mother is often helped by Hendry.

            Aktif   : I sent this letter three days ago.

            Pasif    : This letter was sent by me three days ago.

Kalimat pasif digunakan jika kita ingin memfokuskan kejadiannya, bukan siapa ataupun apa yang melakukannya.

Contoh            :

            The city was destroyed during the World War II.

            (Kota itu hancur selama Perang Dunia II.)

Kalimat pasif juga digunakan jika kita ingin menghindari suatu objek yang semu seperti somebody/someone.

Contoh :

            The letter has to be sent today.

            (Suratnya harus dikirim hari ini.)

Dalam passive voice kita juga dapat menggunakan “by” jika kita ingin mengatakan siapa atau apa yang melakukan suatu kejadian.

Contoh :

            The fence was broken last week.  tidak diketahui siapa/apa pelakunya.

            The fence was broken by the storm last week.  menjadi diketahui.

2.     Adjective

Adjective merupakan kata sifat yang digunakan untuk menerangkan kata benda. Adjective dapat digunakan di depan benda countable ataupununcountable.

Contoh :

            expensive bag   tas mahal

            new Friend       teman baru

Berikut adalah jenis-jenis adjective :

-          Qualitative adj      : menerangkan bentuk/kejadian suatu benda.

                                (big, small, tall, etc.)

-          Distributive adj     : bersifat distributive

                                (every, either, each, etc.)

-          Possessive adj       : menunjukan kepunyaan.

                                (his, her, my, etc.)

-          Demonstrative adj : untuk menunjuk suatu benda.

                                (that, this, those, etc.)

-          Interrogative adj   : untuk menanyakan suatu benda.

                                (which, what, whose)

-          Quantitative adj    : menerangkan jumlah benda.

                                (many, some, much, etc.)

-          Colour adj             : menerangkan warna benda.

                                (red, green, yellow, etc.)

Ada juga jenis adjective yang berikutnya, yaitu compound adjective.

Compound Adjective yaitu kata bilangan yang dapat digabungkan dengan kata benda dalam bentuk singular.

Contoh :

a.       Age (usia)

A fifty years old woman.     salah

A fifty year old woman.      benar

b.      Volume (isi)

He has just bought a ten litres car.   salah

He has just bought a ten litre car.     benar

c.       Length (panjang)

Fifteen metre house. (not metres)

d.      Price (harga)

Sixty dollar camera. (not dollars)

e.       Weight (bobot)

Ten kilo package. (not kilos)

f.       Are (bidang)

Twenty acre farm. (not acres)

g.      Time (waktu)

Two hour meeting. (not hours)

3.     Comparison Degree

Adalah tingkat-tingkat perbandingan yang terdiri dari jenis-jenis berikut :

1.      Positive degree

Menunjukan kesamaan mutu, banyaknya, tingkatan, derajat, antara suatu benda dengan benda lainnya.

Contoh :

                        The girl is as old as my mother.

2.      Comparative degree

Digunakan jika kita ingin menunjukan secara jelas bahwa terdapat ketidaksamaan perbandingan antara benda yang satu dengan benda lainnya.

Contoh :

                         I’m shorter than my brother.

Aturan dalam comparative degree  ini adalah jika kata sifat kurang atau sama 2 suku kata, maka untuk perbandingannya kita menambahkan “er” pada kata sifat tersebut. Tetapi jika kata sifat yang kita gunakan untuk membandingkan adalah lebih dari 2 suku kata, maka kita tambahkan “more” di depan kata sifat tersebut.

3.      Superlative degree

Digunakan untuk membandingkan seseorang atau beda yang melebihi orang-orang atau benda-benda lainnya. (paling)

Contoh :

                         Dave is the tallest in the class.

                          Ellie is the most diligent student.

Aturan dalam superlative degree ini mirip seperti comparative degree. Jika kata yang kita gunakan untuk membandingkan kurang atau sama dengan 2 suku kata, maka kita tambahkan “est” pada kata tersebut. Sedangkan jika lebih dari 2 suku kata maka kita tambahkan “most” di depan kata tersebut.

4.     Adjective Clause

Merupakan anak kalimat yang berfungsi sebagai modifier atau menggantikan kedudukan dari adjective dalam kalimat majemuk.

Contoh :

1.      The boy who studies in Gunadarma University is Doni.

2.      The man whom you met yesterday is my father.

Who, whom, whose, kemudian ada juga which, dan that merupakanrelative clauses yang fungsinya adalah melengkapi adjective clause.

Masing-masing relative clauses digunakan sebagai berikut :

Who           : digunakan berhubungan dengan subjek (orang)

Whom        : digunakan berhubungan dengan objek (orang)

Which        : digunakan berhubungan dengan subjek atau objek (benda)

That           : digunakan berhubungan dengan subjek atau objek (benda/orang)

Whose        : digunakan berhubungan dengan kata ganti milik.

5.     The Zero Article

Merupakan kata sandang yang kadang-kadang tidak digunakan dalam bahasa Inggris.

Kata sandang tidak digunakan di depan kata benda plural jika yang dimaksud adalah sesuatu yang bersifat umum.

Contoh :

a.      People       : Doctors are paid better than teacher.

b.      Animals     : Cats don’t like cold weather.

c.       Food          : Carrots are good for eyes.

d.      Places        : Museums are closed on Monday.

Kata sandang tidak digunakan di depan kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung.

Contoh :

a.      Food          : Butter is made from milk.

b.      Colours     : White is my favorite colour.

c.       Languages : English is spoken all over the world.

“THE” tidak digunakan di depan nama benua, negara, kota, degara bagian dan provinsi.

Contoh :

a.      Sweden is in Europe.

b.      Jakarta is the capital of Indonesia.

“THE” juga tidak digunakan di depan mata pelajaran.

a.      My brother is taking economics.

b.      Mathematics is a difficult subject for me.

“THE” tidak digunakan di depan nama bahasa.

a.      I study English on Monday.

“THE” tidak digunakan di depan nama permainan.

a.      Jack plays basketball.

b.      Poker is a card game.

“THE” tidak digunakan di depan nama makanan.

a.      Your breakfast is already serve.

b.      Let’s have lunch together.